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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>26.7. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution — Python 2.7.16 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.16 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="27. 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Software Packaging and Distribution" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="timeit.html" title="26.6. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="debug.html" accesskey="U">26. Debugging and Profiling</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-trace"> <span id="trace-trace-or-track-python-statement-execution"></span><h1>26.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> — Trace or track Python statement execution<a class="headerlink" href="#module-trace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/trace.py">Lib/trace.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> module allows you to trace program execution, generate annotated statement coverage listings, print caller/callee relationships and list functions executed during a program run. It can be used in another program or from the command line.</p> <div class="section" id="command-line-usage"> <span id="trace-cli"></span><h2>26.7.1. Command-Line Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> module can be invoked from the command line. It can be as simple as</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">trace</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">C</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">somefile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">...</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The above will execute <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">somefile.py</span></code> and generate annotated listings of all Python modules imported during the execution into the current directory.</p> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-help"> <code class="descname">--help</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-help" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display usage and exit.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-version"> <code class="descname">--version</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display the version of the module and exit.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="main-options"> <h3>26.7.1.1. Main options<a class="headerlink" href="#main-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>At least one of the following options must be specified when invoking <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-l"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--listfuncs</span></code></a> option is mutually exclusive with the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-t"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--trace</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> options. When <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-l"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--listfuncs</span></code></a> is provided, neither <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> nor <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-t"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--trace</span></code></a> are accepted, and vice versa.</p> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-c"> <code class="descname">-c</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--count</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-c" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Produce a set of annotated listing files upon program completion that shows how many times each statement was executed. See also <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-coverdir"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--coverdir</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-f"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--file</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-no-report"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--no-report</span></code></a> below.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-t"> <code class="descname">-t</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--trace</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-t" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display lines as they are executed.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-l"> <code class="descname">-l</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--listfuncs</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-l" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display the functions executed by running the program.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-r"> <code class="descname">-r</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--report</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-r" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Produce an annotated list from an earlier program run that used the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-f"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--file</span></code></a> option. This does not execute any code.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-trackcalls"> <code class="descname">-T</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--trackcalls</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-trackcalls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Display the calling relationships exposed by running the program.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="modifiers"> <h3>26.7.1.2. Modifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#modifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-f"> <code class="descname">-f</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--file</code><code class="descclassname">=<file></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-f" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Name of a file to accumulate counts over several tracing runs. Should be used with the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> option.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-coverdir"> <code class="descname">-C</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--coverdir</code><code class="descclassname">=<dir></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-coverdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Directory where the report files go. The coverage report for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package.module</span></code> is written to file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">dir</span></em><span class="pre">/</span><em><span class="pre">package</span></em><span class="pre">/</span><em><span class="pre">module</span></em><span class="pre">.cover</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-m"> <code class="descname">-m</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--missing</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-m" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>When generating annotated listings, mark lines which were not executed with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>>>>>></span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-s"> <code class="descname">-s</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--summary</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-s" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>When using <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-r"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--report</span></code></a>, write a brief summary to stdout for each file processed.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-no-report"> <code class="descname">-R</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--no-report</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-no-report" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Do not generate annotated listings. This is useful if you intend to make several runs with <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a>, and then produce a single set of annotated listings at the end.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-g"> <code class="descname">-g</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--timing</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-g" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Prefix each line with the time since the program started. Only used while tracing.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="filters"> <h3>26.7.1.3. Filters<a class="headerlink" href="#filters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>These options may be repeated multiple times.</p> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-ignore-module"> <code class="descname">--ignore-module</code><code class="descclassname">=<mod></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-ignore-module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Ignore each of the given module names and its submodules (if it is a package). The argument can be a list of names separated by a comma.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-trace-ignore-dir"> <code class="descname">--ignore-dir</code><code class="descclassname">=<dir></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-ignore-dir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Ignore all modules and packages in the named directory and subdirectories. The argument can be a list of directories separated by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.pathsep" title="os.pathsep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.pathsep</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="programmatic-interface"> <span id="trace-api"></span><h2>26.7.2. Programmatic Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#programmatic-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="trace.Trace"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">trace.</code><code class="descname">Trace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>count=1</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>trace=1</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>countfuncs=0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>countcallers=0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ignoremods=()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ignoredirs=()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>infile=None</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>outfile=None</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>timing=False</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Create an object to trace execution of a single statement or expression. All parameters are optional. <em>count</em> enables counting of line numbers. <em>trace</em> enables line execution tracing. <em>countfuncs</em> enables listing of the functions called during the run. <em>countcallers</em> enables call relationship tracking. <em>ignoremods</em> is a list of modules or packages to ignore. <em>ignoredirs</em> is a list of directories whose modules or packages should be ignored. <em>infile</em> is the name of the file from which to read stored count information. <em>outfile</em> is the name of the file in which to write updated count information. <em>timing</em> enables a timestamp relative to when tracing was started to be displayed.</p> <blockquote> <div><dl class="method"> <dt id="trace.Trace.run"> <code class="descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>cmd</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Execute the command and gather statistics from the execution with the current tracing parameters. <em>cmd</em> must be a string or code object, suitable for passing into <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="trace.Trace.runctx"> <code class="descname">runctx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>cmd</em>, <em>globals=None</em>, <em>locals=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.runctx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Execute the command and gather statistics from the execution with the current tracing parameters, in the defined global and local environments. If not defined, <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> default to empty dictionaries.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="trace.Trace.runfunc"> <code class="descname">runfunc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>func</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwds</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.runfunc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Call <em>func</em> with the given arguments under control of the <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace" title="trace.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace</span></code></a> object with the current tracing parameters.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="trace.Trace.results"> <code class="descname">results</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.results" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="trace.CoverageResults"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CoverageResults</span></code></a> object that contains the cumulative results of all previous calls to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runctx</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runfunc</span></code> for the given <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace" title="trace.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace</span></code></a> instance. Does not reset the accumulated trace results.</p> </dd></dl> </div></blockquote> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="trace.CoverageResults"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">trace.</code><code class="descname">CoverageResults</code><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A container for coverage results, created by <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace.results" title="trace.Trace.results"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace.results()</span></code></a>. Should not be created directly by the user.</p> <blockquote> <div><dl class="method"> <dt id="trace.CoverageResults.update"> <code class="descname">update</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>other</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults.update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Merge in data from another <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="trace.CoverageResults"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CoverageResults</span></code></a> object.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="trace.CoverageResults.write_results"> <code class="descname">write_results</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>show_missing=True</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>summary=False</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>coverdir=None</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults.write_results" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Write coverage results. Set <em>show_missing</em> to show lines that had no hits. Set <em>summary</em> to include in the output the coverage summary per module. <em>coverdir</em> specifies the directory into which the coverage result files will be output. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, the results for each source file are placed in its directory.</p> </dd></dl> </div></blockquote> </dd></dl> <p>A simple example demonstrating the use of the programmatic interface:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">trace</span> <span class="c1"># create a Trace object, telling it what to ignore, and whether to</span> <span class="c1"># do tracing or line-counting or both.</span> <span class="n">tracer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">trace</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Trace</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">ignoredirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exec_prefix</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">trace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># run the new command using the given tracer</span> <span class="n">tracer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'main()'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># make a report, placing output in the current directory</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">results</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_results</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">show_missing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coverdir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"."</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">26.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-usage">26.7.1. Command-Line Usage</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#main-options">26.7.1.1. Main options</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#modifiers">26.7.1.2. Modifiers</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#filters">26.7.1.3. Filters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#programmatic-interface">26.7.2. Programmatic Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="timeit.html" title="previous chapter">26.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="distribution.html" title="next chapter">27. 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